*. This article was published on 11th November 2018 - "Sunday Times" News Paper (Sri Lanka)
Was Don
Spater Senanayake, who had sponsored
the Temperance Movement , an
Arrack Renter?
This country and its people were under foreign powers for
more than four centuries. The battle of Mulleriyawa, during the Portuguese era
and the Uva Rebellion during the British, were the two main uprisings the country
had to face in her long struggle for
independence. Although they were not fully successful in
their attempts at that
goal, mainly due Social, Economic, and environmental factors
at that time,
but it did help the country to achieve its
final goal later on, mainly due to the commitment, determination and dedication of few individuals who, as a
result, united with
greater determination and
earnestness to continue
their struggle.
The Senanayake
family of Bothale, Hapitigam Korale, Mirigama figured
prominently in the Country’s struggle
for Independence with Mudaliyar
Don Spater Senanayake,
who was the
head of the family and the
main sponsor of
the second stage
of the Temperance
Movement which started
in 1912 at its helm. He is
the father of Deshabandu
F.R.Senanayake, who had also
rendered a valuable service
to the Temperance
Movement and the
promotion of Buddhism
and the Buddha Sasana
in the country and also
of Rt. Hon. Don. Stephen Senanayake, the first
Prime Minister of
Independent Sri Lanka [then Ceylon].
H.A.G.Hulugalle, the
veteran journalist who,
with the an
experience of 30 years, at
one point served
in the Foreign
Service and also as the
Chief Editor of the
“Ceylon Daily News” had brought
him into contact
with well-known personnel
in the country and
internationally.
The Book published
1907 by
the British Author
Arnold Wright, gives
a brief insight
into the country’s
History, People, Commerce, Industries
and Resources.
This HISTORICAL JOURNAL
“Twentieth Century
Impressions of Ceylon”- [Original] which had been published
in 1907, in London and edited by the
British author Arnold
Wright and H.A.G.Hulugalle’s “The Life
and Times of Don Stephan Senanayake – Sri Lanka’s
First Prime Minister, both publications confirm that
Mudaliyar Don Spater had
his early education
at St Thomas’ College, Matale,
and thereafter entered
the Plumbego business
at a very
early age.
According to
Arnold Wright, Don Spater
Senanayake was a
very wealthy person
with a good
education and had started
business on his
own account in
the Plumbego trade, at
the early age of 18
years. He was one
of the largest
mine owners in
the island and
controlled the mines
of Ambepussa, which had
been worked for
20 years using
steam pumping gear
of 34 Horse Powers.
These Mines employed
about 3000 people. Don Spater,
during that time,
had also commenced
mining operations in parts
of Mirigama and Pussehena, in the
Kegalle District. Don Spater
had also owned more
than 2000 acres in the Kurunegala
District and other
plantation in various
parts of the
North-Western Province, ,in addition
to large number
of residential properties
in Colombo and
in Kandy.
Arnold Wright further
confirms that Spater
Senanayake was a
liberal contributor to
Victoria Memorial Eye
Hospital and the
Indian Famine Relief
Fund, in addition of being a
large supporter of
local charities. In recognition
of his services
Don Spater Senanayake
was conferred
with the title
of Mudaliyar by Sir Joseph.H.West
Ridgeway, the then
Governor of the
Colony.
Jayasena Dahanayake, in his
book “Deshabandu F.R.Senanayake” introduces
F.R.Senanayake as devout
Buddhist, who spent lavishly
to promote the
temperance movement in 1919
to the time
of his death
in 1925 after
which his elder
brother took his
place in the
movement.
K.M. de Silva, Prof: History at
Peradeniya University
states in his
book titled “The
Life of D.S.Senanayake
(1884 – 1952) Sri Lanka’s First Prime Minister (1948 -1952) Political
Background” describes Don Spater
as being a
Graphite Merchant, a Planter and
a wealthy person.
Graphite [or Plumbego] was much
sought out raw
material which was
in great demand
from countries such,
as Japan, USA. and Europe and
was widely referred
to as “Black Gold” alias “KALU RAN”.
K.M.de Silva further
states Don Spater Senanayake
also held the
prestigious position of
Chairman, of the Graphite
Manufacturers Association. He was
wealthy enough to
provide his 2nd son Fredrick Richard [F.R] the best
available elite education
in England at Cambridge University
and at the Middle Temple Inns Court in London, from which
he graduated as a barrister-at-law.
From all
accepted records available, it
is evident that
with the wealth
and resources available
to Don Spater
Senanayake, the necessity to
get involved in
the arrack rental
business did not
arise.
After the
demise of Don
Spater, the management of
the Botale Mining
Complex and sorting
and processing, prior to
export, were taken over by
his sons Don Charles and Don
Stephen Senanayake, The first
Prime Minister of Sri
Lanka.
The two
main reasons for
locating the Railway
Station of the
Colombo – Upcountry line in
the year 1865
at Ambepussa, was firstly,
due to
it’s close proximity
to the Ambepussa
Rest House, it’s easy
access by Horse- carriage and
the secondly because
of its closeness to
the Graphite Mining
Complex of Don
Spater Senanayake, which was located at
Bothale. The Graphite extracted
from mines had
to be transported
to Colombo [Kitulwatte Stores] by
rail and road
transport for further
processing.
His Great Grand Son Devinda
S. Senanayake is still
in possession of
the Mining
Licenses A 508, A509,A 510,
and A 583, issued
to Don Spater
Senanayake and Don Stephen
Senanayake, to work
these mines. During this
period, the users of
some roads were
required to pay
a toll to
the authorities, when using
them. Since the administration district
where the Mines
were located was
Negambo, it became necessary
to frequently travel
between Mirigama and
Negambo for various
matters in connected
with the administration of
the mines and
between Mirigama and
Colombo for matters
connected with the
export of graphite, Don
Spater Senanayake had
to pay a toll
to use them.
He also
made use of
these roads to
provide transport to
move for his
labour force to
and from the
properties he owned
and permitted other
miners too to
use them to
transport their produce, so
that they could
also fetch better
prices. Don Spater
Senanayake had taken
a lease on
these roads and paid the
Lease Rentals. The roads being
Negembo – Giriulla and Giriulla – Pasyala. The original
Lease Deeds No 5366, 5393 issued for
the year 1897 dated
on 02. December 1896 These had
been given to Mr.
Devinda Senanayake by Rev. Delwala
Sri Munindobhasa, Thero of The Senanayake
Mudalindaramaya,Temple, Pirisyala. And
are still well
preserved.
In the
publication by Prof: Kumari
Jayawardene – “ The Rise of
the Colonial Bourgeoisie in
Sri Lanka” and it’s Sinhala
translation “ Sokkan Lokkan Wu hati” , state that
Don Spater Senanayake had
been involved in
trading in Arrack “as arrack Renter” and had
used the profits
so generated to
help him in
the Temperance Movement. At a
time when the
establishment of taverns
and sale of
toddy were encouraged/ promoted by
the Colonial Government, the Temperance Movement
sought to discourage it by educating
the public of
the evils of
consuming alcohol , presumably to prevent alcohol of
addiction.
Addiction to alcohol
had been the
main reason behind
the un rational behavior
of the last
King of Kandy
Sri Wickrema Rajasinghe, which finally
resulted in
the Country falling
into foreign
Powers. The
route that was
taken to take John Doyley inland to Hath Korale, on Jan 13,1815 is given
in the in the “Twentieth Century
Impressions of Ceylon” and the manner
in which alcohol
addiction of the King was achieved,
is explained in
the publications, “John Doyley’
Diary”s and
“Wadu-gaha hatana” .
Prof:
N.Dharmaratna, of the Dept.
of History and
Archeology dept. of the
Sri Jayawardenapura University
confirms the availability
of these two
documents in the
Colombo Museum and
the Library of the
National Achieves. The adverse affects alcohol
has had on some other
races may have
been another
reason that prompted
to discourage the
use of alcohol. During the
Colonial era, the word
“Arrack renter” was used to describe
a person
authorized operate taverns
and/or to collect taxes.
This word has
crept into Sinhala
vocabulary as “Arakku Rendha”
This position
is further explained
by Prof. K.M. De Silva in his book “DS
the life of
D.S.SENANAYAKE 1884 -1952, - thus during this
period a person collecting taxes, on
behalf of the
government from the
owners of arrack
taverns, was called “Arrack
Renter” in English and
the same is
used in Sinhala
but pronounced differently [Rendhla”].
Since issue
of licenses generates
an additional source of
income for the
Government [Authorities] it would
have most certainly
be recorded by
the authorities, if such
licenses / permission had in
fact been issued, in
the register maintained
for that purpose.
Perusal into the certified copies of
the relevant page of the
register, provided by the National
Achieves , it is
evident from the entries therein
that a license/permission had , in
fact been granted , to
operate a tavern
during the period. 1894
and 1895., to another
wealthy family by
the same surname, but
with different initials and of a different address who lived
in the Negombo
District, in the Aluthkooru
korale, Dunagaha. Madampe .
This coastal
areas was well
known for the
production of toddy, distilling arrack
and for making
wooden storage
casks. Since the
issue of licenses for
operating/sale of alcohol
generate additional income for
the authorities, If a
license/permit had been
issued to Mudaliyar Don Spater Senanayake, such information
would most certainly
have been
recorded in this
register and would
not have escaped
the attention of
an investigative writer
such as Wright.
A
house and a
property which belonged
to him was
donated to the Buddha
Sasana, on the 19th June
1911, to mark the
birth of his grandson,
Dudley Shelton Senanayake who was to
later
become a popular
and much loved
Prime Minister of
Sri Lanka. This temple
is now known
as the Senanayake Mudalindarama
Pirivena.
It should be the responsibility
of academically educated individuals, when describing character who had being
responsible for their efforts to gain independence, by spending their wealth,
time and also risking their lives, to be more careful in making unfounded
statements about them, as done by Dr.
Kumari Jayawardana in a book “ The Rise
of the Colonial Bourgeoisie in
Sri Lanka”.
Ranga Sri Peiris
Media Secretary – Senanayake
Foundation
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